Fast neutrons that are produced via compact neutron generators have been used for thermal and fast neutron radiographies. In order to investigate objects with different sizes and produce radiographs of variable qualities, the proposed facility has been considered with a wide range of values for the parameters characterizing the thermal and fast neutron radiographies. The proposed system is designed according to article 4 of the RESTRICTION of HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DIRECTIVE 2002/95/EC, hence, excluded the use of cadmium and lead, and has been simulated using the MCNP4B code. The Monte Carlo calculations were carried out using three different neutron sources: deuterium-deuterium, deuterium-tritium, and tritium-tritium neutron generators.

This study was conducted to identify emission characteristics of certain HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES contained in the plastic of used home electrical and electronic appliances keeping in view compliance with the RESTRICTION of HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (RoHS) DIRECTIVE and to estimate the possibility of safe recycling practices. According to the results, the concentration of cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium were found below than Maximum Concentration Value (MCV) of RoHS, while the concentration of total bromine (T-Br) was exceeded the standard limitations in the samples of plastic from e-waste. Over 90% of the plastics used in housing cover of display electronic products were composed of Polystyrene (PS) 53.9% and PS-flame retardants 36.4%.Peak of each HAZARDOUS substance in total samples also showed higher values of bromine, cadmium and lead. In order to enhance cleaner recycling of waste electronic appliances in accordance with the allowance of RoHS DIRECTIVE, the use of brominated flame retardants in plastic and chrominated synthetic resins should be restricted and applications of metal surface finishing such as coating and painting of high molecules synthetic resins should be minimized.

A risk assessment study was conducted to predict the expected HAZARDOUS influence on the ecosystem resulted from urbanization and industrialization activities at Helwan area, Egypt. To achieve these goals, soils, plants and water samples were collected from Helwan area, and their total concentrations of inorganic contaminants (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and organic pollutants; such as Phenol and hydrocarbons were measured. The obtained results showed that, the concentrations of organic contaminants in water streams and surrounding soils recorded high concentration values than the permissible limits, while inorganic elements were within the safe limits for irrigation. In addition, soils irrigated with the effluents of industrial units recorded high values of inorganic and organic contaminants. Consequently, the levels of these contaminants were high in plant tissues grown thereon; especially the edible parts. Risk assessment based on available predicted no effect concentration values for the aquatic and terrestrial environment was performed. Inorganic elements were expected to cause serious hazard problems for both aquatic organisms and soil microorganisms. The impact of these pollutants on human health was calculated using daily metals intake of inorganic metals via consumption of edible plants. Hazard index values proved that concentrations of Cr may cause serious hazard problems for humans in this area; especially, children.

The current study is focused on determination of the accumulation rate of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in the liver and muscle tissues of the Caspian Kutum fish. Specimens were collected randomly from twelve stations in Mazandaran Province, the Caspian Sea Basin, between October 2009 and March 2010. Fork length, weight and length-weight relationship of samples were measured. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there is a significant difference for Pb and Cd content in liver and muscle (P<0. 05). The highest level of bioaccumulation obtained for Pb in liver tissue (0. 809 μ g/g) from Fereidounkenar and the lowest level obtained for Cd in muscle tissue (0. 038 μ g/g) belongs to Koliver station. The results of linear regression analysis showed that, there were significant relationships between the heavy metal contents in both liver and muscle tissues and the fish weight (P<0. 05). Comparison of heavy metal contents in both tissues revealed that the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in liver is higher than muscle. Comparisons showed that the range of Cd and Pb content in fish body is below of the international limited amounts given for these HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES.

High-HAZARDOUS materials transportation can be extremely harmful to the environment and human health upon the occurrence of accidents. Contacts with these materials can cause damage and even death to human lives and animals. HAZARDOUS materials include explosives, gases, flammable liquids and solids, along with oxidizing SUBSTANCES, poisonous, and radioactive materials and any other dangerous substance. When these SUBSTANCES are moved on the roads, special precautionary measures should have been taken.In this article, the framework of risk evaluation and modeling has been discussed, and then this framework is used to make a mathematical model for finding the optimum path for transporting the HAZARDOUS materials. Finally a risk oriented optimization algorithm is developed for solving the mathematical model.

Numerous studies have shown growing information indicating the contribution of food to the dietary exposure of arsenic (As) through consumption of different food items in many different regions over the world. However, few review papers with regard to As in Sri Lankan foods are available in databases. Thus, a critical review and assessment of a number of local studies on total As concentrations has been made in rice, fish and fisheries products, vegetables, and other food products from Sri Lanka. From a limited comparison of freshwater fish with two marine species, the tuna and rays have substantially higher total As concentrations than all the freshwater species analyzed. One of the more important findings is that rice, the staple food of the country, is a major contributor to total As exposure of the population. Hence, based on the assessment of available data for total As levels in the various foods analyzed, it is suggested that a shift in a staple food diet of rice to one of maize and multi-cereal grains could lead to a reduction in total As exposure to the general population. Furthermore, important information gaps were identified such as a total lack of corresponding data for total As in Sri Lankan fruit crops, and a major one being the present lack of any information on the various inorganic and organic As species in local foods. Finally, some suggestions are made for giving guidance in agricultural practices which will lead to a reduction in As inputs to the local farmlands. This data compilation and assessment serves as an initial baseline for comparison with As results from future monitoring and research studies in Sri Lanka.